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Essay Writing Service Hire A Best Essay Writer Online! You want to simply sit and think of ideas throughout this part. This site makes use of cookies from Google to ship its providers and to analyze traffic. Information about your use of this website is shared with Google. By utilizing this site, you conform to its use of cookies. At the highschool stage, the student might lose valuable marks or she or he must redo the project and waste precious time and vitality. Start by writing the thesis statement on the top, after which write a subject sentence for each paragraph beneath that. This means you need to know precisely what each of your paragraphs is going to be about before you write them. You must write in full sentences and use proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Another common area of concern is quotation marks. It's important to quote your sources with accuracy and clarity. Follow these tips on tips on how to use quotes in essays and speeches. When you employ any on-line book and other supplies as a part of the analysis for an project, you have to mention them within the bibliography. Even when the student paraphrases the work of another writer, he or she wants to offer credit score to the unique writer. Imagine your essay work is done as per your necessities with the perfect budget match but just isn't delivered to you in your submission day and also you miss the deadline? This is the reason; it's advisable to discuss concerning the timeline earlier than deciding to outsource the urgent work to keep away from such situations. So, you have to take care and spot these pink flags before losing your cash on a fake academic writing website. You can not write an essay except you've an thought of what to write about. Brainstorming is the process during which you provide you with the essay subject. You ought to usually state your thesis in your introductory paragraph. Keep your analysis organized so it will be easy so that you can refer again to. This will also make it easier to cite your sources when writing your final essay. But, you need not worry as the help is at hand so that you can differentiate between a good and faux academic writing web site. Services that embody quality, on-time supply, and 100% plagiarism-free information is predicated on details and value-effectiveness. Apart from that, it ought to provide proper citation and reference links and never contain copyright issues later on. Another side must be that it shouldn't have duplicated the earlier assignments passed on to other purchasers. We have entered a progressive era where we spend most of our time browsing the world wide internet. The next step is to outline what you'll write about. This means you want to primarily draw the skeleton of your paper. Writing an outline can help to make sure your paper is logical, well organized and flows correctly. Your thesis assertion is the main level of your essay. It is essentially one sentence that claims what the essay is about. Everything can be accessed on our fingertips, all the companies are in reduce-throat competitors, and because of this, it becomes a bit tough to identify an accurate service. For this, we need to entry the model value of the corporate. We need to check buyer ratings and social media presence. When we are talking in regards to the firm's social media presence, we should verify how nicely an organization responds to a complaint. If the complaint dealing with is finished efficiently, it brings a sense of belief and faith within the company. And in this manner, we are able to perceive the price of the company, whether the market perception is sweet or dangerous. The time period, a thesis has been derived from the Greek word, “θέσις”, that refers to the mental proposition and means something put forth. Similarly, the word, the dissertation has been derived from the Latin word dissertation. Choose one of the best matter idea from amongst your list and begin shifting forward on writing your essay. But, before you progress forward, take heed of those matters to keep away from. Once you could have an inventory of attainable subjects, it's time to decide on one of the best one that can reply the question posed in your essay. You need to select a topic that is neither too broad nor too narrow.

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Australian Essay Writers

Australian Essay Writers They will guarantee your essays are of the absolute best quality on this subject. This is a subject that requires cautious thought when writing your essays in addition to an intensive data of the subject. With us you'll all the time work with the best so that your essay shall be worthy of one of the best outcomes. We give you a fully certified professional in the area of legislation, in spite of everything you can not expect simply anyone to put in writing on this extremely complicated topic area. They provide insightful and accurate essays simply as you need them. Check their websites to make sure they have the options listed above. Once you obtain the essay, you have to read it carefully to check for errors. Reliable companies do minor revisions for free and charge an affordable extra fee for major ones. The writing type changes from project to project. That includes your sentence construction, syntax, and general voice. High school essays are sometimes 500 phrases, but graduate essays can be 5000 phrases or extra. At our company, we offer good high quality essays at low costs in order to sell more to our large number of clients. We may help you together with your essays as all phases in your training to the best of standards through specialists that may know exactly what's being appeared for in your writing. We offer up to date support by way of highly skilled and experienced postgraduate diploma holders that will be able to help you with writing some of the greatest essays you'll ever submit. Accuracy and understanding is at all times guaranteed when you work with our postgraduate qualified nursing experts. Once I was to complete five completely different papers for one night. If I didn’t find this website, I’d probably be already expelled. All you have to is await the paper to be submitted to you. As a pupil, you have to manage your time to do your assignments, research for exams, and spend a while on your hobbies. Due to an absence of time, you would possibly consider outsourcing your writing assignments. It might be a good suggestion, but don’t neglect that all agencies usually are not equal in any respect. Fortunately, I managed to satisfy the deadline with the help of this service. When you’re totally satisfied along with your paper, and it suits all your requirements, we release your cash to your writer, and it’s as easy as that. Then add cash to your Edusson steadiness which is not but paid to the writer, as soon as that is done, your author will start drafting your paper. You can keep up a correspondence with your writer all through the whole course of too. Whether you just want slightly help or a totally researched and written essay, we will provide this service. Think of Edusson as your personal private tutor, we’re here to help you along the best way and assist put together that essay you generally simply don’t have the time for. Get walked via your toughest problems and learn how to clear up them from expert writers. It’s a good idea before making a alternative, to debate your requirements. They usually are not alleged to be submitted for academic credit score. After we now have acquired your order, we will match you to a writer from our pool who can work greatest in your paper given its matter and the writer’s availability. The author should be an expert in numerous writing styles and match the project requirements correctly. The originality of an essay implies that the writer can use several sources and paraphrase them appropriately to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarized texts are easily detected by specialized software program. You received’t get good grades until you deliver distinctive content. View our weblog and get to know more about us and the sort of writing service that we may give to you. Interested shoppers can easily get the required information and particulars that they want from our website. It's time to stop stressing out about your essays. By providing us the complete particulars of the project, we are able to immediately assign considered one of our specialists and have the contents delivered on or before the set deadline. Essay Mama ensures its shoppers that we'll stay up to their expectations and standards. Get the help of somebody that has expertise in your subject so you'll be able to evaluate the skills of every essay writer. You could be pleasantly shocked by what you discover. Correct paper particulars are very essential to get the specified end result. We ask for assignment title, document type, deadline, academic level, description, citations and attachments which are required so that you get exactly what you want. All of the papers you get at Samedayessay.com are meant for research purposes only.

Australian Essay Writers

Australian Essay Writers They will guarantee your essays are of the absolute best quality on this subject. This is a subject that requires cautious thought when writing your essays in addition to an intensive data of the subject. With us you'll all the time work with the best so that your essay shall be worthy of one of the best outcomes. We give you a fully certified professional in the area of legislation, in spite of everything you can not expect simply anyone to put in writing on this extremely complicated topic area. They provide insightful and accurate essays simply as you need them. Check their websites to make sure they have the options listed above. Once you obtain the essay, you have to read it carefully to check for errors. Reliable companies do minor revisions for free and charge an affordable extra fee for major ones. The writing type changes from project to project. That includes your sentence construction, syntax, and general voice. High school essays are sometimes 500 phrases, but graduate essays can be 5000 phrases or extra. At our company, we offer good high quality essays at low costs in order to sell more to our large number of clients. We may help you together with your essays as all phases in your training to the best of standards through specialists that may know exactly what's being appeared for in your writing. We offer up to date support by way of highly skilled and experienced postgraduate diploma holders that will be able to help you with writing some of the greatest essays you'll ever submit. Accuracy and understanding is at all times guaranteed when you work with our postgraduate qualified nursing experts. Once I was to complete five completely different papers for one night. If I didn’t find this website, I’d probably be already expelled. All you have to is await the paper to be submitted to you. As a pupil, you have to manage your time to do your assignments, research for exams, and spend a while on your hobbies. Due to an absence of time, you would possibly consider outsourcing your writing assignments. It might be a good suggestion, but don’t neglect that all agencies usually are not equal in any respect. Fortunately, I managed to satisfy the deadline with the help of this service. When you’re totally satisfied along with your paper, and it suits all your requirements, we release your cash to your writer, and it’s as easy as that. Then add cash to your Edusson steadiness which is not but paid to the writer, as soon as that is done, your author will start drafting your paper. You can keep up a correspondence with your writer all through the whole course of too. Whether you just want slightly help or a totally researched and written essay, we will provide this service. Think of Edusson as your personal private tutor, we’re here to help you along the best way and assist put together that essay you generally simply don’t have the time for. Get walked via your toughest problems and learn how to clear up them from expert writers. It’s a good idea before making a alternative, to debate your requirements. They usually are not alleged to be submitted for academic credit score. After we now have acquired your order, we will match you to a writer from our pool who can work greatest in your paper given its matter and the writer’s availability. The author should be an expert in numerous writing styles and match the project requirements correctly. The originality of an essay implies that the writer can use several sources and paraphrase them appropriately to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarized texts are easily detected by specialized software program. You received’t get good grades until you deliver distinctive content. View our weblog and get to know more about us and the sort of writing service that we may give to you. Interested shoppers can easily get the required information and particulars that they want from our website. It's time to stop stressing out about your essays. By providing us the complete particulars of the project, we are able to immediately assign considered one of our specialists and have the contents delivered on or before the set deadline. Essay Mama ensures its shoppers that we'll stay up to their expectations and standards. Get the help of somebody that has expertise in your subject so you'll be able to evaluate the skills of every essay writer. You could be pleasantly shocked by what you discover. Correct paper particulars are very essential to get the specified end result. We ask for assignment title, document type, deadline, academic level, description, citations and attachments which are required so that you get exactly what you want. All of the papers you get at Samedayessay.com are meant for research purposes only.

Magical Realism in Song of Solomon - Literature Essay Samples

Throughout the course of history, mystical concepts and magical elements have been woven into virtually every civilization’s culture. From angels and demons to fantastical creatures like unicorns and leprechauns, supernatural beliefs have permeated the songs, stories, and other fundamental aspects of numerous societies throughout history. This characterization is especially true in African culture. For thousands of years, indigenous Africans have worshipped a plethora of spirits and Gods-practices that have allowed them to accept seemingly supernatural events into their daily reality. Circumstances such as these have been recorded and documented extensively through art and literature, creating a genre of expression known as magical realism. This technique allows the author to blend realistic narrative with surreal elements of the supernatural. Examples of this can be seen throughout Toni Morrison’s novel Song of Solomon. Morrison’s novel follows a young African A merican man by the name of Milkman Dead as he explores his heritage on an existential journey of self-discovery. Throughout Song of Solomon, Morrison incorporates magical realism to blur the line between the supernatural and plausible reality in order to challenge various elements of modern American society’s accepted sensibilities in regard to African Americans. Morrison begins her transcendence into the world of magical realism as she presents Pilate Dead, Milkman’s aunt, without a navel. Pilate’s stomach â€Å"was as smooth and sturdy as her back, at no place interrupted by a navelthere was not another stomach on earth like hers,† (Morrison 29). This almost supernatural absence of a navel, a scientific implausibility, sets Pilate apart from her peers. She is the only person on earth lacking this feature, and she is spurned by society because of it. People â€Å"froze at the sight of that bellybecame limp even†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢What are you?’ one man had shouted†¦it isolated hereven a traveling sideshow would have rejected her† (Morrison 148). Pilate is a person of tremendous character; she is honest, caring, and wise-yet these facts are forgotten when people discover that she is different from themselves. Kamal Pradhan, an English literature researcher with Academia, describes Pilate as â€Å"a fearless mother who is selflessly devoted to others†¦she is responsible for Milkman’s safe birth and continues to protect him for years afterward†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Pradhan 1). He continues to state â€Å"Despite these positive attributesshe is discriminated against becauseshe is different,† (Pradhan 2). It is through Pilate and her uninterrupted stomach that Morrison comments on the mistreatment of African Americans throughout history and even in present day America. She presents the reasoning behind Pilate’s isolation, a missing navel, as absurd and unrealistic. This allegorical message extends throughout the novel as racial tension and acts of discrimination are prominent. Morrison is suggesting society hating African Americans based solely on their skin color is just as irrational as a community isolating an individual who was born, through some act of magic, without a navel. She incorporates magical realism in order to challenge the audience to consider the progre ss made by their great nation in regard to African Americans over the last few decades, becausedespite the Civil Rights Movementmany are still struggling for basic equality. This theme of racial injustice continues as Morrison explores Pilate Dead’s connection with the spiritual world. Though her father died when she was a young girl, Pilate is constantly visited by his ghost. She â€Å"sees him aroundguidinghelping,† (Morrison 168-169). It is the Pilate’s ability to accept her father’s spirit that allows him to visit and assist her. His presence comforts her and guides her through troubling times, and her belief in the supernatural strengthens her connection with the natural world and her own selfallowing her to lead a more sincere, authentic life. Freda Kirkham, author of â€Å"Women and Voice in Song of Solomon† states that â€Å"her spiritualityincluding her connection to her dead fatherhim speaking to her from the spirit world, telling her to ‘Sing’defines Pilate as a person. She is willing to learnacceptingand she introduces those close to her to thisconnection with this realmthis use of spiritual so ng,† (Kirkham 4-5). Pilate’s open-mindedness and acceptance of the supernatural has led to her ability to live a happy, authentic lifeunmarred by the corruption of capitalistic greed and motivation. This in stark contrast with her niece, First Corinthians Dead. Corinthians was raised in part by her father, Macon Dead, who â€Å"behaves like a white man, thinks like a white manbrought his kids up like a white manhe’s greedy,† (Morrison 224-226). Throughout her childhood, Corinthians was never introduced to the possibility of a supernatural world beyond the one in which she lives. Instead, she was taught the conservative lessons of 1940’s America and is made to follow the path that is expected of her. Corinthians goes to college, and â€Å"Her education had taught her how to be an enlightened mother and wife, able to contribute to the civilization†¦.she believed she was a prize for a professional man,† (Morrison 188). Corinthians is smart and well educated, but because she is unable to connect to the world of supernatural possibilities, she is closed-minded and unable to connect to herself fully and by truly successful and happy. She â€Å"lacked the driveno hunger, no hustle,† (Morrison 188). Morrison highlights this contrast between Pilate and Corinthians in order to address the issue of discredited knowledge among African Americans. Throughout history, African Americans and their knowledge was often disregarded because it was insinuated that blacks were morally and intellectually inferior to whites. By comparing Pilates innate, supernatural wisdom to Corinthians â€Å"whiteacademic knowledge†, which leaves Corinthians completely incapable of dealing with the harsh reality of society, Morrison is using magical realism in order to exhibit the importance of the knowledge African Americans possess (Morrison 187-188). Corinthian’s knowledge represents the idealistic vision of white education, but t his intelligence leaves her helpless in a world of unexpectedly difficult realities, whereas Pilate’s seemingly useless wisdom, representative of African American knowledge, allows her to thrive. Magical realism continues to establish itself throughout the novel as Morrison incorporates instances of human flight. From the moment Milkman comes into the world, human flight is accepted as possible by the community around him. The only person who is skeptical of this supernatural ability is Milkman himself. When â€Å"he discovered, at fourthat only birds and airplanes could flyhe lost all interest in himself. To have to live without that single gift saddened him and left his imagination so bereft that he appeared dull†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Morrison 9). As an African American, Milkman is from a culture that regards flight and other surreal events as plausible. Since he is choosing not to believe in his own ability to fly, he is choosing to ignore an entire aspect of his own background. Because he does not accept his heritage in its completion, Milkman feels emptylike †¦Ã¢â‚¬ something ismissing,† (Morrison 159-160). It is only after his journey of self discovery that Milkma n is able to accept the culture from which he came and become â€Å"so happywith his eyes and mouth full of lightlaughing, hollering†¦ finally felt right†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Morrison 326-327). Through visiting the town his father and aunt came from and talking to townspeople that knew his grandfather, including Circe’s spirit and Mr. Solomon, Milkman is finally able to accept himself completelyhe realizes that â€Å"some peoplewithout ever leaving the groundcould flyand if you surrendered to the air, you could ride it,† (Morrison 336-337). By accepting an apparently impossible concept such as human flight, and thus come to terms with the background of himself and his ancestors, Milkman is able to complete his existential journey and discover his complete self. Morrison uses this transformation to highlight the importance of self-acceptance. Throughout her novel, many characters put on a facade in an attempt to seem as something they are not. From Hagar’s attemp ts to appear lighter-skinned to impress Milkman to Macon Dead’s attempts to show off his family in order to appear happy, very few of the people in Milkman’s life are genuine. Morrison highlights the importance of self-acceptance through Milkman’s transformation in regard to his belief in flight. As Morrison examines societal issues such as unjust inequality, discredited knowledge among African Americans, and self-acceptance, it is easy to feel disconnected from these problems. Most of the story is set between 1930 and 1960, and the novel was written in 1977, giving the illusion that Morrison’s concerns are outdated conflicts of the past. However, her writing style presents this story with a non-linear plot as narration jumps back and forth from past and present. Morrison jumps between time periods in order to suggest that there is no end to these problems, that they will not just solve themselves with time. These issues are recurring, planting themselves within each time frame of the story as well as every decade of reality. Toni Morrison utilizes magical realism throughout Song of Solomon in order to draw attention to timeless issues that are deep-rooted in modern American society.

An Example of Transformational Leadership - 1213 Words

Connie Clerici is a registered nurse who started out as a critical care nurse that specialized in pediatrics and the intensive care unit. Clerici left the hospital setting looking for a new career path, and was asked to help relocate children from The Christopher Robin Home for the Children, which was being closed for euthanasia allegations (Cavanaugh, 2012). So, her new role required her to help place children into a safe community setting which accommodated and cared for the children’s complex health needs. Clerici was also responsible for purchasing nursing services and in her opinion found below average nursing care (Cavanaugh, 2012). Throughout this time Clerici believed that she could be doing more for these children and after three†¦show more content†¦Clerici identified the problem through stating that there could do more to ensure the displaced children receive the best care possible instead of the current mediocre care they are currently receiving (Cavanaug h, 2012). Clerici determined that the care was mediocre through her unsatisfactory interviewing process, where multiple private nurses displayed a poor skill set Cavanaugh, 2012). Through analyzing the nurses skills and determining that these nurses will not provide quality care to children in the community Clerici decided that something had to be done, even if it meant that she has to quit her job and start her own home care business (Cavanaugh, 2012). The second step in the change process is to develop and plan your change strategy (Sullivan, 2012). Clerici decided to quit her job and take a loan out help fund her home care business. She sought out potential partners and a networking plan through creating a credible reputation (Down, 2009). Although this was difficult for Clerici, she eventually succeeded through gaining trust with her partners and potential networking agencies, like The Hospital for Sick Children (Cavanaugh, 20120. The next biggest thing was for Clerici to creat e a set of values that would elevate Closing the Gap above the current home care systems at the time. She decided that no matter the financial impact the patients care must never be compromised, in other words the patient willShow MoreRelated Transformational Leadership Essay examples847 Words   |  4 Pages James MacGregor Burns has defined leadership as â€Å"leaders inducing the followers to act for certain goals that represent the values and the motivations – the wants and needs, the aspirations and expectations – of both leaders and followers† (Burns 1978. p.19.) The concept of leadership as a whole encompasses different explanations, theories and leadership styles and has been popular not only from the organizational perspective but in the educational and political context as well. 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Hsieh is a charismatic leader who has theRead MoreTransformational Leadership : Three Basic Functions781 Words   |  4 Pages(Definition) Transformational leadership is a style of leadership where the leader collaborates with employees to identify the needed change, creating a vision to guide the change through inspiration, and executing the change in tandem with committed members of the group. Transformational leadership has three basic functions. First, transformational leaders sincerely serve the needs of others, empower them and inspire followers to achieve great succe ss. Secondly, they charismatically lead, set aRead MoreThe Roles Of A Leader1081 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership is a broad field but basically involves overseeing what others are doing. But as much as overseeing can sound too non-hands on activity, leadership has serious involvement and happens to be a very serious role. Our manager of a branch of Toyota shops In Saudi Arabia defines his leadership roles as simply making sure the Toyota cars get sold to the car market. This is basically the role of a manager, to effect the main purpose of any company as set by the owners. However, when the roleRead MoreLeadership Assessment : Your Friendly Neighborhood 21542 Words   |  7 PagesLEADERSHIP ASSESSMENT: YOUR FRIENDLY NEIGHBORHOOD 2 â€Å"One, two, you’re a three, and you’re a four, and five, six† my third grade teacher said as she numbered off my classmates. She got closer, â€Å"One, and you’re a two, and you’re a three Jillian†. It was my first official group project, I quickly walked over to the corner of the room the join the other three’s. The project was to do a report on a native american tribe and their dwellings. The two’s had plains indians (tepees, darn, I wanted that one)-

The Issue Of Compassionate Release - 1167 Words

[In an effort to reduce crime rates over the last two decades, there was a push to increase arrests, and length of incarceration of criminal offenders. Due to the increase in numbers of offenders incarcerated and the length of their sentences the prison has an increasing population of elderly offenders. In light of this situation, the need to provide medical care for this population has become increasingly more expensive than anyone anticipated. Therefore, there has been a great deal of attention to what is known as compassionate release. In order to evaluate the arguments for and against this legislation we will look at the arguments on both sides, what values underlie each position, how medical release fits into the discussion, and alternatives to the problem. [The idea of compassionate release has been in practice in about thirty states in the union for many years. In all but three of the other states there were programs for the early release of terminally ill offenders (Oâ€℠¢Meara, 2010). However, the limited budgets felt by many states has encouraged renewed discussion about compassionate and medical release of elderly inmates. In an article by Gregory J. O’Meara the change in policy in Wisconsin was examined. The changes in legislation expands the category of those eligible for sentencing modification and streamlines the procedure. However, the new Compassionate Release Law seems to make few important changes to the statute. The new law no longer bars petitions byShow MoreRelatedPrison and Program Review Committee Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pagesparole or release fit into this discussion? Provide alternative solutions to the problem and discuss their overall impacts. Parole for the elderly CJHS/430 Parole for the elderly The idea of sympathetic release of ill and elderly prisoners is not new. In 1994, Professor Russell published consideration of medical parole and compassionate release programs of district and fifty states of Columbia. Only three authorities, the District of Kansas, Maine and Columbia had no programs for the release of fatallyRead MoreParole For The Elderly1147 Words   |  5 Pagesmedical care for the more elderly and chronically ill in the prison system the state has to find a way to bring down costs. One of the ways they are trying to accomplish this is by reviewing and modifying the Compassionate Release Law. Through this law, prisoners are considered for early release or modification of sentence because of age and or illness. Wisconsin is one of the many states that is suffering from financial constraints of maintaining its prison population. Wisconsins inmate populationRead MoreIncarceration : Cruel And Unregulated Punishment Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagesface critical exposu re to numerous violations of their basic human rights. 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It is in the interest of individuals as well as global companies to commit a sustainable compassionate culture beyond just social responsibility. The class text dictates, â€Å"A manager’s decisions are influenced by the culture in which he or she operates and the way they plan, organize, lead, and control† (p. 47) ; and the planning function definesRead MoreMandatory Minimums712 Words   |  3 Pagescurrent Opioid Epidemic. Similar to other legislative proposals, it would expand â€Å"compassionate release† of elderly persons incarcerated and would eliminate the use of solitary confinement for juvenile offenders. Summary: This bill would increase use of the â€Å"drug trafficking safety valve† which allows certain exceptions to mandatory minimum laws for defendants who meet certain criteria and would institute â€Å"release valves† for low-risk, old or dying offenders. It directs the use of mandatory minimums

Business Comparison Of Mail Communications New Technologies Have Alway Essay Example For Students

Business Comparison Of Mail Communications New Technologies Have Alway Essay s allowed us to do things faster, more efficiently, and more professionally than ever before. Generally, every new technology is a step forward for speed and productivity. But, despite this paradigm, the coming of the latest mail communications innovation has brought many pros and cons with the package. Electronic mail could be the greatest thing since sliced bread, but there are many who find flaws in it. We are now going to take a moment to compare the speed, ease, reliability, and expense of electronic mail with our general postal system. The speed of transfer is an important part of the decision to send mail by either protocol. E-mail has a distinct advantage in this category. With the click of a button, your message will be received in a period of 5 to 30 seconds. Whether you are sending e-mail to a person across the street or in Afghanistan, the transfer rate is virtually the same. Also, data files and computer applications can be sent via e-mail; however, large files will slow upload download time even though they are sent in seconds. Unfortunately, physical packages such as gifts or magazines cannot be attached to e-mail. On the other side of the spectrum, the postal service can send any kind of physical package, from a magazine to a pool table, for a price proportional to its size. The postal service can also transfer data if it is placed on a disk or a CD-ROM. Speed, however, is a problem. Even the smallest letter takes from two days to two weeks to deliver, depending on the locations of the sender and the receiver. Even sending a letter to the house across the street takes time due to unnecessary movement. The mail is taken to the nearest large post office, sorted there, then delivered to the post office closest to the destination, and delivered from there. In other words, mail that is sent across town sometimes has to travel out of town and back again to reach the final point.Another variable aspect of the two mail systems is ease-of-use, which can potentially be quite costly. E-mail has many disadvantages when viewed from this angle. For one thing, e-mail requires some knowledge of computer operation. Anyone who wishes to use e-mail needs to know how to use the software that it requires, and one can only send e-mail to other people with the same knowledge. Secondly, a computer with various equipment is needed. Hardware includes: motherboard with processor ($300+), hard drive ($100-$200), four megs RAM ($60), video card ($80-$200), fax modem ($50-$200), and monitor keyboard ($200-$450). The e-mail user also has to pay a monthly fee on his e-mail internet account, generally ranging from $8 to $25 per month, whether the account is used or not. The only financial advantage to this system is that postage stamps are not required. General mail differs in that the only knowledge required is literacy, and the only equipment that is needed is an envelope ($.03) and a stamp ($.32). No monthly fee is levied on mail users, and anyone can send and receive mail. These facts show that, in terms of expense, the Postal Service has an edge on E-mail. Finally, we will review the reliability of each system. Because e-mail is run by a computer network, human error is impossible. Consequently, e-mail is always transferred to the correct address; it never is lost, stolen, and its contents are never removed. Unfortunately, since humans do operate the servers that transfer the messages, server operators have the power to read mail that is passing through. They also can copy files that are attached to messages, though the messages and files themselves are not damaged in any way. The old method of mail, on the other hand, has even more problems. .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .postImageUrl , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:hover , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:visited , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:active { border:0!important; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:active , .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u164668418714a181613f731f63cb341c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Metamorphosis: Gregor Was An Unselfish Person Essay First, since humans deliver the envelopes, error is not uncommon. Letters have been delivered to the wrong address on numerous occasions; checks and other items have been stolen out of packages by dishonest postal workers. In short, both e-mail and our traditional mail service are unsafe.After viewing all of the details of each system, a declaration that either protocol is better than the other would be sophomoric. Each has its pros and cons. E-mail may be faster, but it is much more expensive. Mail may be easy to use, but it is slow. Each individual must choose which system fits his needs and is most comfortable for him. The healthy competition between the two creates a better product selection for all of us.

My Dog free essay sample

Carefully carried the dog to the car but before that I placed some newspaper on the car’s seat because the dog might vomit or pee due to drowsiness in long distance travelling. Then said bye to my sister in law and I moved from their place, and when I was driving I heard a sound urweerghh urwerghh urwerghh. . . . . . hmm wat was that? Mum and I was surprised and she turn around to look at the puppy and then she told me stop the car!!! And I asked her why what happened? She said ur dog has vomited in the car, then I drove to the nearest rest house, got down and cleaned n wiped him with tissue paper and I replaced the paper in the car and luckily I placed some paper before letting him sit if no I would have been cleaning the rite now. Soon we reached home then now its time to find a place for my cute little puppy to sleep and relax. We will write a custom essay sample on My Dog or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At first I just let him roam around the house compound to let him get used to the environment. Waited for my dad to get home then I took him to the pets shop to get my new dog some accessories, I bought him a collar belt, a long belt, a plate to eat and drink water, milk, puppy food, toys and biscuits.. the cashier count and count and count then the bill was RM 120! ! ! fuhh!! Having a puppy dog is so expensive, then came back home and now its time to feed my new puppy so I gave him some puppy food with milk and waited there to see the reaction of the puppy but it doesn’t want to eat, then came my father trying to convince him hmm still no improvement. I told my father: its ok pa this is the first day so we just leave it maybe its having some stomach upset so that it doesn’t want to eat. So I just left the food and went inside , I didn’t prepare a kennel for him because its still small to lock him so I just plan to collar him and long tie him up to the gate with the long belt but due to new environment and new place I just let him untied. I was cracking my head†¦ for what? What to the name the puppy? But since I like the name very much I choose to name I tat way. Then its time for me to study about Rottweiler because I wanted to take this dog for competition I cannot just take care of the dog without some knowledge about it because dog are very sensitive especially imported breed dogs need special attention and care as well†¦ so I just browsed the internet and got some information follows: The Rottweiler is a medium to large size breed of domestic dog that originated in Rottweiler, Germany. The dogs were known as Rottweiler butchers dogs (German: Rottweiler Metzgerhund) because they were used to herd livestock and pull carts laden with butchered meat and other products to market. Some records indicate that earlier Rottweiler’s may have also been used for hunting, although the modern Rottweiler has a relatively low hunting instinct. The Rottweiler was employed in its traditional roles until the mid-19th century when railways replaced droving for getting livestock to market. While still used in herding, Rottweiler’s are now also used in search and rescue, as guide dogs for the blind, as guard or police dogs, and in other roles. Although a versatile breed used in recent times for many purposes, the Rottweiler is primarily known as one of the oldest herding breeds. A multi-faceted herding and stock protection dog, it is capable of working all kinds of livestock under a variety of conditions. The breeds history likely dates to the Roman Empire. In those times, the Roman legion traveled with working dogs to herd the cattle needed to feed the army. The skull is of medium length, broad between the ears. The forehead line is moderately arched as seen from the side, with the occipital bone well developed without being conspicuous. The stop is well defined. The Rottweiler nose is well developed, more broad than round, with relatively large nostrils and always black. The muzzle should appear neither elongated nor shortened in relation to the cranial region. The nasal bridge is broad at the base and moderately tapered. The lips are black and close fitting with the corner of the mouth not visible. The gums should be as dark as possible. Both the upper and lower jaws are strong and broad. According to the FCI Standard Rottweiler’s should have strong and complete dentition (42 teeth) with scissor bite, the upper incisors closely overlapping the lower incisors. The zygomatic arches should be pronounced. The eyes should be of medium size, almond-shaped and dark brown in color. The eyelids are close fitting. The ears are medium-sized, pendant, triangular, wide apart, and set high on the head. With the ears laid forward close to the head, the skull appears to be broadened. The skin on the head is tight fitting overall. When the dog is alert, the forehead may be slightly wrinkled. The neck is strong, of fair length, well muscled, slightly arched, clean, free from throatiness. The back is straight, strong and firm. The loins are short, strong and deep. The croup is broad, of medium length, and slightly rounded, neither flat nor falling away. The chest is roomy, broad and deep (approximately 50% of the shoulder height) with a well-developed fore chest and well sprung ribs. The flanks are not tucked up. Docking is banned in many countries, but remains egal in others, Rottweiler tail is level in extension of the upper line; at ease it may be hanging â€Å"When seen from the front, the front legs are straight and not placed close to each other. The forearm, seen from the side, stands straight and vertical. The slope of the shoulder blade is about 45 degrees. The shoulders are well laid back. The upper arm is close fitting to the body. The forearm is strongly developed and muscular. Pasterns are slightly springy, strong but not steep. The front feet are round, tight and well arched, the pads hard, nails are short, black and strong. When seen from behind, the rear legs are straight and not too close together. When standing free, obtuse angles are formed between the dog’s upper thigh and the hip bone, the upper thigh and the lower thigh, and the lower thigh and metatarsal. The upper thigh is moderately long, broad and strongly muscled. The lower thigh is long, strongly and broadly muscled, sinewy. The hocks are sturdy, well angulated, not steep. The hind feet are slightly longer than the front feet. Toes are strong, arched, as tight as the front feet. Rottweiler’s are a powerful breed with well-developed genetic herding and guarding instincts. As with any breed, potentially dangerous behavior in Rottweiler’s usually results from irresponsible ownership, abuse, neglect, or lack of socialization and training. However, the exceptional strength of the Rottweiler is an additional risk factor not to be neglected. It is for this reason that breed experts recommend that formal training and extensive socialization are essential for all Rottweiler’s. A Rottweiler is self-confident and responds quietly and with a wait-and-see attitude to influences in its environment. It has an inherent desire to protect home and family, and is an intelligent dog of extreme hardness and adaptability with a strong willingness to work, making them especially suited as a companion, guardian and general all-purpose dog. Rottweiler’s have a natural gathering style with a strong desire to control. They generally show a loose-eye and have a great amount of force while working well off the stock. They make much use of their ability to intimidate. The Rottweiler often carries the head on an even plane with the back or carries the head up but with the neck and shoulders lowered. Some females lower the entire front end slightly when using their eyes. Males also do this when working far off the stock in an open field. This is rarely seen in males when working in confined spaces such as stock yards. The Rottweiler has a reasonably good natural balance, force-barks when necessary, and when working cattle uses a very intimidating charge. There is a natural change in forcefulness when herding sheep. When working cattle it may use its body and shoulders and for this reason should be used on horned stock with caution. The Rottweiler, when working cattle, searches out the dominant animal and challenges it. Upon proving its control over that animal it settles back and tends to its work. After a long study about this I have learned a lot in how to take of the dog I owned. As usual days went and it has been a week plus ZUMBHA staying with us, naturally it was a very playful and active dog but after about a week it doesn’t want t drink anything and it always looked very inactive and sad†¦ I gave him all kind of food even the canned foods which dogs always love but it doesn’t want to eat anything but why? So the next day I took ZUMBHA to the vet nearby to my house. The doctor checked him and asked me what happen to your dog so I told him that its not eating from yesterday and its having diarrhea and vomiting, then the doctor gave him a few injection and a few medicines and for the first time I saw such a big injection for such a small dog? I feel pity for the little fellow it screamed loudly till my father who waited outside came into the room. Then we went back so I gave him the medicines according to the doctor’s prescription but its condition was still not good as it didn’t stop vomiting and its diarrhea continous so I got even more scared but unfortunately it was Saturday night and almost all the vet will be closed by that time, I called up so many friends to find out whether is there 24hours vet anywhere and at last I found one so I quickly rushed and the nurse came out as I was carrying ZUMBHA in my arms. The nurse asked: what happen to your dog and I answered her and without any answer about the dog she just continued saying that ms its now over consulting hours so once the doctor check your dog the consultation fees will be RM 90 but when I look at the dog I think we will admit it and the deposit for the admission will be RM 700 STOP!!!! I shouted at her what kind of clinic is this u don even touch my dog? U don’t even let me in to see the doctor and u stop me in front of the gate and you are talking about money while my dog is sick†¦ your attitude is more worst than a dog†¦ I told her directly : look I don’t mind paying you but your service is very bad when u don even check my dog and all u want was money!!!!!! That night I couldn’t sleep I was giving ZUMBHA some glucose due to its condition was getting weak and helpless†¦. I stayed up till the next morning pumping glucose water every one hour but it continued vomiting and started to diarrhea blood. I got even more scared about him and I was worried what’s going on with this little boy? Waited for the next morning and I took him to the vet that I know, the doctor took its blood and checked him and gave him some drips in a few minutes the doctor gave me the results, actually ZUMBHA was infected with virus named as PARVOVIRUS which is very common among Rottweiler’s and he said no promises but I will try my best to save him, I felt very sad and the doctor admitted the dog and I went back home. As it was Sunday the clinic was closed and the doctor’s next check up will be at 8, he called me n told ZUMBHA’s condition is even more worst than afternoon there is where I lost hope, I was sleepless the whole night waiting for the next morning because I wanted to visit ZUMBHA but before that I received a call from the doctor around 8 am saying that the dog is dead and you can collect it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ cracked and crushed all my dream and hope to have a good dog†¦.

A Modo De Introducción †A Brave New World

A Modo De Introduccià ³n – A Brave New World Free Online Research Papers A Modo De Introduccià ³n A Brave New World Nos refugiamos en los sistemas,en las iglesias, en los partidos, en las ortodoxias, como chicos en las faldas de la madre. Los sistemas son en suma, manifestaciones de cobardà ­a. El hombre libre, el herà ©tico el solitario, tiene que estar poseà ­do de un valor casi demencial E. Sabato, Heterodoxia (1953) Los acontecimientos histà ³ricos se repiten en forma similar entre los diferentes paà ­ses en el momento de su formacià ³n, independientemente de su distancia, cultura, raza o credo. Generalmente, observamos una sucesià ³n comà ºn de hechos que permite, en el anlisis de la historia, obtener alguna certeza en los resultados. Hay patrones repetidos una y otra vez en la formacià ³n de civilizaciones, fenà ³menos que confirman la tendencia pronosticada. Sin embargo, no se puede determinar si lo que produce esta conducta sistemtica es el hecho de tomar en cuenta modelos comunes o una evolucià ³n casi idà ©ntica del nacimiento de la nueva civilizacià ³n por razones naturales del hombre. De cualquier manera, al formarse un nuevo paà ­s, uno tiene elementos para definir el futuro inmediato observando los ejemplos que nos brindan los dems paà ­ses, lo que alivia la incertidumbre. Pero si un paà ­s, a partir de su formacià ³n, se diferencia del resto, es difà ­cil predecir su destino. Este es el caso de los Estados Unidos de Amà ©rica. El motivo de su historia particular lo encontramos en sus orà ­genes. El hecho de ser el primer paà ­s demà ³crata desde su independencia nos da la pauta de donde empezar nuestro anlisis. Es la democracia la caracterà ­stica esencial de este paà ­s . Es por eso que resultarà ­a adecuado analizar el surgimiento y la evolucià ³n de esta democracia, ya que es a partir de ella que el paà ­s adquiere identidad. La evolucià ³n de la democracia en Amà ©rica nos va mostrando claramente distintos aspectos de la cultura Norteamericana de hoy en dà ­a, lo que hace por dems interesante la historia de dicho paà ­s. Asà ­, en los ciudadanos de Norteamà ©rica, podemos llegar a encontrar el fanatismo de los padres peregrinos del Mayflower, la ilusià ³n de progreso econà ³mico de los indentured servants, el populismo de Jackson o el patriotismo de Lincoln. La intencià ³n de este trabajo es explicar, mediante datos histà ³ricos, fenà ³menos sociolà ³gicos y opiniones, las distintas etapas por las que atravesà ³ la democracia americana desde su independencia en 1776 hasta el inicio de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Veremos como, desde un primer momento, se forman dos grupos casi opuestos, cuyas alianzas varà ­an segà ºn la polà ­tica a implementar, y, aun asà ­, el paà ­s se mantiene unido y en democracia durante todo el periodo analizado. Observaremos como hay varios conflictos de intereses cruzados, como se resuelven y sus consecuencias. Tambià ©n tendremos la posibilidad de conocer a los protagonistas de la historia americana, su forma de pensar y su incidencia en la construccià ³n de una nueva nacià ³n. De esa forma, estar a nuestro alcance, si el objetivo del trabajo es logrado, comprender a la sociedad americana y contemplar tanto los logros como los puntos oscuros de la democracia en Amà ©rica. La Democracia ms exclusiva La independencia: Just do it Durante 200 aà ±os, entre los siglos XVI y XVII, Europa se vio sacudida por una carrera casi obsesiva por lograr conquistar nuevos territorios y establecer colonias en cualquier lugar del mundo. Los espaà ±oles lograron un fuerte expansionismo colonial en Amà ©rica Central y del Sur, donde incalculables riquezas tentaron a los dems paà ­ses a aventurarse hacia mares desconocidos y territorios inexplorados para establecer supremacà ­a sobre el resto de Europa. Esta tendencia encuentra su motivo en el mercantilismo. El mercantilismo era la idea de que el poder era consecuencia del bienestar de un paà ­s. Aquel que alcanzara el mayor tesoro era el ms poderoso. Mientras Espaà ±a gozaba de los beneficios que le habà ­a otorgado el robo de oro y plata a las civilizaciones indà ­genas de Mà ©xico y Perà º, Francia e Inglaterra expandà ­an sus fronteras hacia Africa y hacia Amà ©rica del Norte. Fue de esta manera que se asentaron las bases de lo que luego serian los Estados Unidos. Inglaterra formà ³ su colonia en Amà ©rica no solo como una fuente de materias primas, sino como un mercado para sus productos manufacturados. En principio, las colonias no tuvieron à ©xito, pero en 1607, una colonia establecida en Virginia logro sobrevivir mediante el cultivo de tabaco. Por su parte, en el Norte, en 1620 se forma una colonia de disidentes que niegan al rey como una autoridad religiosa, impuesto por el anglicanismo, y deciden poner distancia a la polà ­tica inglesa. Estos colonos son el ala ms radical del protestantismo, los puritanos, cuya visià ³n â€Å"diabà ³lica† del consumo los lleva a invertir capital y establecer un pequeà ±o autoabastecimiento, mediante farmers y artesanos, que los lleva, para perjuicio de Inglaterra, a dominar el mercado interno. Sin embargo, no resultaba fcil la vida en estas tierras del Norte. El clima no era adecuado para las plantaciones, por lo tanto, buscaron otras actividades laborales. La que ms se desarrollo en esta à ©poca fue la construccià ³n de barcos. Esto se ve constatado por Jeremy Atack y Peter Passell en su anlisis econà ³mico de las colonias: During the colonial period, ocean shipping employed perhaps 5 to 10 percent of the labour forceIn the decade before the Revolution, exports and related services accounted for about one-sixth of colonial income. The performance of the shipping industry was very important to the overall economy La abundante cantidad de madera desligaba a esta industria de toda dependencia con Inglaterra. En el Sur, las cosas eran distintas. Aunque la poblacià ³n en Amà ©rica crecà ­a a pasos agigantados, la mano de obra era escasa. A diferencia de las colonias espaà ±olas, las tierras debà ­an ser trabajadas. Es asà ­ como surgen dos nuevas formas de trabajo: los indentured servants y los esclavos. Los indentured servants eran gente de Inglaterra que querà ­a emigrar a Amà ©rica a cualquier precio. Firmaban un contrato con la persona que los transportarà ­a hasta Amà ©rica por medio del cual se comprometà ­an a trabajar una vez llegados hasta cubrir los costos del viaje. Por su parte, el transportista negociaba en el puerto americano con los terratenientes, vendiendo asà ­ a los indentured servants. Estos deberà ­an servir por cierta cantidad de aà ±os y luego quedaban libres. La cantidad de aà ±os que debà ­an servir al terrateniente era variable segà ºn la edad, el sexo y la salud del indentured. Atack y Passell lo describen: An analysis of the characteristics of indentured servants reveals that the vast majority were males in their late teens and early twenties. They were at the peak of their productive ability, representing a significant capital export from the mother country, which had met their rearing costs from infancy to productive adult and borne the costs of early mortality of non survivors. La esclavitud resulta uno de los puntos ms oscuros de la democracia americana, no solo antes de la independencia, sino mucho ms despuà ©s de ella. A pesar de que en Inglaterra no existà ­a este tipo de trabajo forzado, serà ­a ingenuo afirmar que fue la falta de mano de obra en Amà ©rica la que llevo a recurrir al esclavismo e ignorar el racismo como origen. Los esclavos, en principio son prisioneros tomados entre tribus africanas que eran trocados por armas y ron. Para comprender un poco mejor este tipo de trabajo, Peter Kolchin explica: it soon became clear to settlers that survival depended on working the landCultivating these crops, however, required labor; in an enviroment where land was plentiful and people few, the amount of tobacco or rice one could grow depended on the number of laborers one could command. The desire to develop commercial agriculture under conditions of population scarcity gave rise in North Amà ©rica to forced laborIn short, it was a world with few ide ological constraints against the use of forced labour. Los esclavos iban en su mayorà ­a para el Sur, donde la mano de obra era ms pesada. La llegada de esclavos se hacà ­a cada vez ms sistemtica. Ya habà ­a mercados en frica, e incluso se consideraba un derecho para sustituir las colonias espaà ±olas. Ante este panorama, la evolucià ³n econà ³mica era muy importante. A pesar de ello, Inglaterra no tomaba muy en cuenta sus colonias en Amà ©rica, pues las consideraba inferiores a la dems. Ya se habà ­an formado varias colonias con una produccià ³n considerable (Boston, Massachussets, Maryland, Salem, Virginia, etc.) La poca importancia que le da Inglaterra a sus colonias les da independencia suficiente como para autogobernarse. Se produce, a la vez, una vertiginosa expansià ³n hacia el oeste. Los gobernantes que eran enviados a las colonias poco hacà ­an por cumplir su funcià ³n y ms que nada, se dedicaban a negociar con los locales. Al tà ©rmino de la Guerra De Los 7 Aà ±os, guerra que se lleva a cabo entre Inglaterra y Francia entre 1756 y 1763, disputndose en à ©sta los territorios del Mississipi, Inglaterra toma conciencia del poco poder que ejercà ­a sobre las colonias. En un intento por reestablecer un control nunca poseà ­do sobre las colonias, Inglaterra tiene intenciones de cobrar impuestos. A partir de este primer chispazo, surgen ideas independentistas, especialmente en el Norte, donde el à ­ndice de alfabetizacià ³n era mucho ms elevado. Los ingleses pierden toda autoridad y son, incluso, ridiculizados cuando los colonos organizan el llamado Tea Party en Boston y arrojan el cargamento de tà © importado al mar, en protesta por el establecimiento de una ley de monopolio del tà © por parte de los ingleses en las indias orientales. Sin embargo, este hecho es reprimido fuertemente y Boston es tomado militarmente. Como consecuencia, los colonos se reà ºnen en dos congresos, que dan por resultado la decisià ³n de independizarse. Con 800 dà ³lares de PBI dividido en 3500000 habitantes, las colonias firman la Declaracià ³n de Independencia y, consecuentemente, con el apoyo de Francia, eterno rival de Inglaterra, la guerra. El debate: We try harder Once aà ±os mas tarde, esas repà ºblicas, que mantenà ­an una precaria unidad mediante el và ­nculo confederativo, constituyeron un gobierno nacional. En los là ­mites de la civilizacià ³n, el nuevo mundo que lindaba con la naturaleza salvaje presenciaba un hecho inà ©dito. La teorà ­a y la experiencia antiguas habà ­an instalado a la republica en el marco estrecho de la ciudad En Amà ©rica del Norte el cuadro era radicalmente distinto: la extensià ³n, casi infinita; la poblacià ³n, numerosa y en aumento. Natalio Botana nos da a entender asà ­ la situacià ³n de Amà ©rica del Norte despuà ©s de su independencia. Algo totalmente nuevo se presentaba y habà ­a que organizarlo. El punto de partida era la virtud, pero las corrientes eran diversas cuando se planteaba el origen de la virtud. Willi Adams explica: Ni la Declaracià ³n de Independencia ni el Tratado de Paz daban respuesta a la cuestià ³n de cà ³mo habrà ­a que estar organizado polà ­ticamente el Nuevo Estado. El nuevo orden polà ­tico se expresaba sobre todo en las nuevas constituciones de los diversos estados y en los artà ­culos de la confederacià ³n. Estas estipulaciones se basaban en la democracia representativa (asà ­, Alexander Hamilton, en 1777, sobre la constitucià ³n de Nueva York) y sobre la repà ºblica comercial federativa. El debate encontraba su origen en la teorà ­a clsica. Por un lado, Jefferson, un plantador de Virginia, tenà ­a una idea de democracia agraria que coincidà ­a con Rousseau. Segà ºn Jefferson, la virtud se halla en el campo, mientras que las ciudades son cuna de ambicià ³n, pues la ciudad crea dependencia, por lo tanto tampoco hay problemas con las repà ºblicas de grandes extensiones, pues el hombre se aproxima a su naturaleza. Para los jeffersonianos la igualdad era lo ms importante para poder conservar la repà ºblica y no alejarse de la virtud. Por el otro lado, Hamilton encontraba que cada individuo buscarà ­a su propio interà ©s. Las utopà ­as de la virtud y del orden esclavista no tienen lugar para Hamilton Impera en cambio el valor supremo y la libertad, que es patrimonio de todos, habitantes y ciudadanos. La legislacià ³n es la que debe orientar al hombre hacia el bien pà ºblico, porque el hombre se dejar llevar por sus pasiones. Hamilton, al igual que Montesquieu, descreà ­a en la repà ºblica de grandes territorios y consideraba como bien supremo la libertad. Entre estos dos polos se va a debatir la sociedad americana durante todo el perà ­odo que analizamos: Igualdad y Libertad. El ideal de una sociedad igualitaria de Jefferson y el conformismo de tan solo dominar pasiones de Hamilton alternarn en el gobierno de esta nueva repà ºblica. Los partidarios de Jefferson forman un partido, llamado Partido Republicano, mientras que los partidarios de Hamilton forman el Partido Federalista. Botana resume: La republica igualitaria se extendà ­a hacia el Norte, la repà ºblica esclavista se prolongaba hacia el Sur y entre ambas se abrà ­a una frontera que miraba hacia el oeste, cuyo destino, todavà ­a incierto, podà ­a reproducir, a modo de colonia antigua, como querà ­a Jefferson, una reserva imperecedera para difundir la igualdad. Comienza la democracia A pesar de no tener aà ºn una Constitucià ³n, el voto blanco universal se dio desde las primeras elecciones. El debate entre republicanos y federalistas demoraba el dictado de alguna legislacià ³n que organice la nueva repà ºblica. Se firman, en un Congreso de Filadelfia, los Artà ­culos de Confederacià ³n. En estos se pusieron de manifiesto los intereses de los estados. Los estados grandes querà ­an representacià ³n por nà ºmero de habitantes, mientras que los estados chicos pedà ­an igual representacià ³n para todos. En este momento, comienza un perà ­odo de ruralizacià ³n. Los estados campesinos emiten moneda para licuar las deudas que tenà ­an con los comerciantes del Norte. Asà ­ Surge la idea de una constitucià ³n. En 1789 George Washington se transforma en el primer presidente de los Estados Unidos de Amà ©rica y se dicta la Constitucià ³n. Como puntos ms salientes de la Constitucià ³n, flexible y amplia, podemos mencionar la formacià ³n de dos cmaras para la legislacià ³n: diputados y senadores, la determinacià ³n de establecer un estado central que de lugar a los otros estados y la supremacà ­a de tres derechos fundamentales: derecho a la vida, a la libertad y a la felicidad. Despuà ©s de las elecciones, Hamilton, como secretario del tesoro, comienza a adquirir poder. Funda el Bank of U.S., gran enemigo de Jefferson, que habà ­a renunciado a su cargo de secretario de estado. La polà ­tica de Washington, bajo las ideas de Hamilton, se basa en generar confianza en el paà ­s para lograr prà ©stamos. Es esto lo que lleva a Washington a firmar un tratado por el que se le permità ­a la libre navegacià ³n por el Mississipi a Espaà ±a con la condicià ³n de que Louisiana no fuera atacado ni por Espaà ±a ni por Inglaterra. A causa de este tratado, Washington pierde popularidad y renuncia a su tercera candidatura. A Washington lo sucede Adams en 1796 con Jefferson como vicepresidente, aguardando su oportunidad que lleva en 1800. La campaà ±a electoral de 1800 se convirtià ³ en una irreconciliable confrontacià ³n ideolà ³gica entre federalistas y jeffersonianos. La acalorada propaganda de ambas partes llenà ³ perià ³dicos y folletos//los jeffersonian os agitaron los nimos de los descontentos y llamaron a que se pusiese fin al poder aristocrtico de los federalistas, y que los federalistas previnieron contra el ocaso de la libertad y el triunfo del ateà ­smo en la persona de Jefferson describe Adams en su texto. Con el triunfo de Jefferson en las elecciones se da comienzo al perà ­odo conocido como la democracia agraria El origen de la Democracia Agraria El gobierno de Jefferson se caracterizà ³ por la adquisicià ³n de nuevas tierras. Segà ºn Jefferson, la propiedad de tierras serà ­a lo que llevarà ­a a la igualdad. La compra de Lousiana a Napoleà ³n indigna a los federales, pues si seguà ­a extendià ©ndose el territorio, la repà ºblica se harà ­a ingobernable. En el Sur, habà ­a remates arreglados previamente, los ocupantes de las tierras amenazaban al martillero, que se veà ­a obligado a hacer su trabajo a punta de rifle. A pesar de este expansionismo territorial, se mantiene el gobierno central, pero el banco expira y circulan varios tipos de moneda. La polà ­tica inflacionaria beneficia tanto a los plantadores del Sur, pues sus principales ingresos venà ­an de las exportaciones, como a los farmers, pues sus deudas con el Norte se licuan. Esto genera una alianza entre el Sur y el oeste. Tras dos mandatos, Jefferson deja el gobierno en manos de Madison, un ex federalista que toma la doctrina jeffersoniana como ideologà ­a. Continà ºa la polà ­tica de expansià ³n, lo que genera una nueva guerra con Inglaterra, llamada 2da. Guerra de Independencia. Esta guerra perjudica profundamente a los comerciantes del Norte por dos motivos: sus exportaciones se veà ­an bloqueadas y la guerra les costarà ­a mucho dinero. Durante la guerra las importaciones deben ser sustituidas, por lo tanto, Surgen pequeà ±as fbricas textiles que reciben el apoyo de los republicanos. Los fabricantes no tardan en aliarse con los plantadores y los farmers, pues consideraban a los comerciantes y a los banqueros como parsitos, pues no producen. Estados Unidos entra en su primera revolucià ³n industrial. Al firmarse la paz con Inglaterra, en 1816, para proteger la nueva industria, el gobierno se ve en la necesidad de poner tarifas, lo que genera un conflicto de intereses entre farmers y fabricantes. Este enfrentamiento produce la ruptura del Partido Republicano. En ese momento, aparece la figura de Andrew Jackson, con el discurso de retornar a la polà ­tica agraria, eliminando los manufactureros. En las elecciones de 1817, James Monroe llega al poder. Bajo una profunda crisis econà ³mica causada por una fuga de capitales por sobreinversià ³n, Monroe se ve obligado a crear el segundo Bank of U.S.., cuya emisià ³n de moneda es restrictiva. La polà ­tica de Monroe se basa en el intervencionismo. Protege a Amà ©rica de Espaà ±a bajo el lema Amà ©rica For The Americans. El expansionismo sigue con la compra de Florida a Espaà ±a. Durante el gobierno de Monroe, Andrew Jackson forma el Partido Demà ³crata, en reemplazo del Partido Republicano, que ataca al establishment y al banco, con el incondicional apoyo del Sur. En las elecciones de 1824, gana John Quincy Adams, quien, sin adquirir mucha importancia, genera el camino para la llegada de Jackson a la presidencia. El auge de la Democracia Agraria No creo que haya paà ­s en el mundo que, proporcionalmente con su poblacià ³n, ofrezca menor nà ºmero de ignorantes ni menos sabios, que Amà ©rica//En Amà ©rica hay pocos ricos, y casi todos los americanos tienen la necesidad de ejercer alguna profesià ³n, y estos exigen un aprendizaje, por lo cual aquellos que no tienen ms tiempo para la cultura general de la inteligencia que el de los primeros aà ±os de su vida Toqueville sigue diciendo: En Amà ©rica, es el pueblo quien nombra a los que hacen las leyes y a los que las ejecutan//Las instituciones no son allà ­ democrticas solo en principios; sino que lo son en todos sus desenvolvimientos//Es, pues, en realidad, el pueblo quien allà ­ dirige; y aunque la forma de gobierno sea representativa, es evidente que las opiniones, los prejuicios, los intereses y las pasiones del pueblo, no hallan obstculos durables que les impidan influir constantemente en la direccià ³n de la sociedad La precisa impresià ³n que arroja Alexis de Toqueville que, en tiempos de Jackson, estuvo por Amà ©rica, parece cumplir con todos los ideales de igualdad de Jefferson. Y es quizs el gobierno de Jackson el que lleva a la prctica lo que Jefferson predicaba. Jackson llega al poder en 1828, con un desproporcionado poder en el Sur. Adems, habà ­a tambià ©n adquirido cierta popularidad en el Norte, pues captaba los votos de los inmigrantes, logrando su nacionalizacià ³n y dndoles trabajos pà ºblicos rpidamente. Hace del Partido Demà ³crata un umbrella party acaparando votos de muchos sectores populares. El principal debate del periodo se encontraba entre la igualdad de condiciones y la igualdad de oportunidades. El Partido Demà ³crata argumentaba que la igualdad de oportunidades pregonada por los federalistas no era suficientemente justa, tambià ©n hacia falta crear una igualdad de condiciones. Richard B. Latner explica: They (democrats) afirmed a commitment to relative equality of wealth as a necessary, instrumental condition for mantaining political liberty/for the key group of Democrats Surrounding Jackson who ran the party, equality of outcomes, as well as equality of rights and opportunity, was a necessary condition for sustaining republican liberty . Durante el gobierno de Jackson, Estados Unidos expandià ³ ms aà ºn sus fronteras. En una guerra con Mà ©xico, se produce la anexià ³n de Texas y se le compra el noroeste a Inglaterra. Jackson sufrà ­a una fuerte oposicià ³n por parte de los diputados del nordeste, pues la expansià ³n territorial iba en contra de la virtud y adems comienza a revelarse uno de los problemas ms graves que enfrento Estados Unidos: el esclavismo. La aparicià ³n de grupos antiesclavistas divide aun ms al Norte del Sur, ya que, en medio del auge del algodà ³n, la esclavitud habà ­a llegado a niveles muy altos en el Sur. Para solucionar provisoriamente este problema, se establece una là ­nea, llamada Mason-Dixon, que divide a los estados esclavistas de los no esclavistas, para obtener asà ­ igual representacià ³n en el Congreso Federal. El sistema de alianzas cambia, pues para los farmers del Oeste, los planters del Sur no eran un mercado, por lo tanto, se unen a los comerciantes del Norte que sà ƒ ­ consumà ­an su produccià ³n. La igualdad que se habà ­a logrado parecà ­a el paraà ­so demà ³crata, sin embargo, esta ilusià ³n no llegarà ­a muy lejos. Rumbo a la guerra civil La brecha entre el Sur y el Norte se abrà ­a cada vez ms con la radicalizacià ³n de sus ideas. Mientras que el auge del algodà ³n hacia de los esclavos un medio fundamental de vida en el Sur, en el Norte los grupos abolicionistas se multiplicaban. Pero no solo el esclavismo era tema de debate, sino tambià ©n las ideas de small government del Sur contra las del big government del Norte generaban discordia. Aunque todos estos motivos eran acarreados desde hacà ­a tiempo, no habà ­an aparecido lideres tan radicales que les dieran tanto à ©nfasis. Estos lideres Surgieron en la dà ©cada del 30 con Lincoln en el Norte y Calhoun en el Sur. Calhoun Surge como vicepresidente de Jackson. Aparentemente, sus semejanzas generarà ­an una fuerte unià ³n. Asà ­ lo menciona William W. Freehling: Calhoun and Jackson many similarities lent a hope. Both worked slave gangs on early cotton frontiers.//Both leaderswere of Scotch Irish descent.//Both Southeners came to dominance as wartime nationalists.//In the 1820s, with hard times afflicting planters in both Tennessee and South Carolina, they coalesced against Adams . Y sin embargo, el radicalismo de Calhoun marcarà ­a sus diferencias. For Jackson and Calhoun, the shared fact of slaveholding was not enough. Their conceptions of masters ´ right to rule and their method of ruling were as distant as South Carolina was from Tennessee. The conflict between their views centered on different reconciliations of slavery and republicanism. Jackson, race-obsessed authoritarian, believed upperclass control must end at the color line.//Calhoun, while no less a racist, still believed the be st men must govern all races Calhoun opinaba que si una ley federal perjudicaba a alguno de los estados, este estado podà ­a pedir la nulidad de dicha ley. Finalmente, a raà ­z de estas diferencias con Jackson, toma el poder del Partido Demà ³crata y radicaliza su rumbo, pues pide la separacià ³n. El Partido Demà ³crata deja de ser el umbrella party que representaba tanto a los farmers como a los planters. Adams dice: Los sudistas radicales, dirigidos por John C. Calhoun fueron aun ms lejos al afirmar que, dado que los esclavos eran simples objetos de propiedad, y que a los americanos no podà ­a despojrseles de su propiedad salvo por el procedimiento legalmente establecido, los sudistas eran libres de llevar los esclavos a cualquier territorio del paà ­s con independencia de las normas dictadas por el Congreso o por cualquier otro organismo . Por su parte, en el Norte, en 1854, se crea el Partido Republicano. Al principio no obtiene mucho apoyo, pues su polà ­tica era a favor de los bancos y de la industria, apoyando una suba de tarifas a las importaciones. Adems, era un partido intolerante y antiesclavista. Sin embargo, acapara votos en los farmers implantando una polà ­tica de tierras. Este partido va ganando relevancia gracias a su polà ­tica antiesclavista, pues en California, que era en principio, segà ºn la là ­nea Masà ³n-Dixon, esclavista, Surge la fiebre del oro. Miles de personas marchan hacia el oeste para conseguir su riqueza, pero estos no necesitaban esclavos para trabajar con el oro, por lo tanto California se incorpora a la Unià ³n como estado no esclavista. La situacià ³n se presentaba grave. Segà ºn Adams: Lo grave era que muchos nordistas -y tambià ©n sudistas- habà ­an dejado de ver las cosas en un sentido racional, estrictamente hablando. Si lo que se alzaba frente al Norte ya no era el Sur real, una cultura preindustrial cuyo crecimiento potencial se hallaba condicionado por factores demogrficos, climatolà ³gicos y econà ³micos, sino el poder esclavista, era obvio que cualquier propuesta destinada a aumentar su zona de influencia habà ­a de tener un carcter amenazador . Esa era la manera de ver las cosas del senador Lincoln. Es de esta forma como en 1860, las elecciones las ganan los demà ³cratas, separados en esclavistas y no esclavistas. Esta divisià ³n hace que pocos electores lleguen al senado y que en 1861, el republicano Lincoln llegue a la presidencia y con su llegada, el Sur abandona la Unià ³n. La guerra civil y sus consecuencias Asà ­ pues, en las semanas siguientes a la eleccià ³n de Lincoln, acompaà ±ndose de citas de Thomas Jefferson y con la sensacià ³n de que seguà ­an los pasos de sus antepasados revolucionarios, los congresistas de los estados algodoneros se despidieron de sus colegas del Norte y emprendieron su viaje al Sur . Bajo este triste panorama, describe Adams la separacià ³n de la Unià ³n. Sin embargo, Lincoln no permitià ³ que esto sucediese. Con un ejercito casi irrisorio pero bien equipado, ataca al Sur. La clave de la guerra para el Norte era hacerla durar mucho pues estaban mejor provistos que el Sur, y asà ­ sucedià ³. Tras un buen comienzo del Sur con varias batallas ganadas, el ejà ©rcito del Norte gana la batalla de Gettysburgh y comienza una guerra de destruccià ³n, comandados por el general Grant y el general Sherman. A su paso, todos los pueblos eran destruidos y las plantaciones de algodà ³n quemadas. Esto hace que el Sur firme la rendicià ³n incondicional en 1865. No solo se habà ­a cumplido el objetivo de reunir al paà ­s, sino tambià ©n se logro la abolicià ³n de la esclavitud. La proclamacià ³n de la emancipacià ³n de esclavos se habà ­a firmado en 1863, pero los esclavos que habitaban en tierras de la Confederacià ³n no podà ­an gozar de su condicià ³n hasta que se reestableciera la Unià ³n. Ahora que esto habà ­a sido logrado, finalmente la esclavitud quedaba en la historia. Con respecto a las posiciones que se tomaron hacia el Sur por haber atentado contra la Unià ³n, aparecen dos posiciones, una fuerte y una blanda. Lincoln lideraba la idea de la unià ³n, el perdà ³n, por lo tanto opina que se debe permitir la reincorporacià ³n a todo estado del Sur que obtenga un 10% de habitantes que juren lealtad a la Unià ³n. Sus oponentes, los radicales republicanos, opinaban que la lealtad debà ­a ser jurada por un 50% de la poblacià ³n. Por su parte, los estados del Sur se encontraban ocupados militarmente, esperando la resolucià ³n ms benigna. Sin embargo, Lincoln es asesinado por un Sureà ±o que querà ­a vengar la guerra, lo que sirve a los republicanos radicales para reclamar mano dura contra el Sur. Comienza el perà ­odo conocido como Redemption. Reconstruccià ³n y corrupcià ³n Johnson, como vicepresidente, completa el mandato de Lincoln y cede el poder a Grant. Su mandato se caracteriza por la existencia de altà ­simos niveles de corrupcià ³n. Un diputado del Tammany Hall, la sede Norteà ±a del Partido Demà ³crata, llamado George Washington Plunkitt resume la idea: Yes, many of our men have grown rich in politics. I have myself.//I ´ve not gone in for dishonest graft -blackmailin ´gamblers, saloonkeepers, disorderly people, etc-//I seen my opportunities//Well, I ´m tipped off, say, that they ´re going to lay a park at a certain place.//I go to that place and buy all the land I can in the neighbourhood. Then the board of this or that makes its plan public and there is a rush to get my land, which nobody cared particular for before//that ´s honest graft . Llega, por este periodo, a regir el Spoil System, un sistema mediante el cual los amigos de la gente del gobierno podà ­an conseguir buenos trabajos. La reincorporacià ³n del Sur a la Unià ³n se torna en una obsesià ³n. Comienza una à ©poca de predominio del Partido Republicano. El costo del consumo aumenta a raà ­z de una suba en las tarifas de importacià ³n, pero esto genera un fuerte crecimiento de la industria local, que tambià ©n generan un gran mercado interno que beneficia a los farmers. Las tierras se habà ­an terminado de repartir con el Homestead Act. El Homestead Act era una polà ­tica de tierras impulsada por el Partido Republicano mediante el cual la persona que llega a la tierra se transforma en propietaria de la misma, por lo que se terminan las tierras y con ellas, la carrera hacia el oeste. El paà ­s comienza a tener un enorme crecimiento en poblacià ³n y en produccià ³n, lo que permite a Estados Unidos tener su revolucià ³n industrial. La caà ­da en los precios del transporte da lugar a enormes niveles de inmigracià ³n. Cuenta Adams: En 1825, un pasaje para Amà ©rica costaba 20 libras, en tanto que en 1863 el viaje en vapor suponà ­a à ºnicamente 4 libras y 15 chelines, y en 1890 ya era posible atravesar el Atlntico al reducido precio de 3 libras y 10 chelines . El crecimiento de poblacià ³n era proporcional con el crecimiento del PBI.  ¿Cà ³mo se explica semejante crecimiento? Podemos analizar el crecimiento desde dos puntos de vista diferentes, que, conjuntamente, hacen que Estados Unidos crezca hasta ser la primer potencia mundial. Primero, analizaremos que sucedià ³ con la produccià ³n. Se dieron, sucesivamente, dos fenà ³menos nuevos que multiplicaron la capacidad de las empresas. Estos fenà ³menos son conocidos con el nombre del Taylorismo y el Fordismo. Explica Thomas P. Hughes: Taylor ´s fundamental concept and guiding principle was to design a system of production involving both men and machines that would be as efficient as a well designed, well oiled machine. He said in the past, the man has been first; in the future the system must be first, a remark that did not sit well then with workers and their trade-union leaders and that today still rankles those who feel opresed by technology . Bajo este concepto del management como elemento necesario para el efectivo funcionamiento de la industria, las nuevas empresas aparecà ­an como plaga. Casi instantneamente, aparecà ­a el fordismo. Las nuevas empresas debà ­an producir, rpido y efectivamente, y en bà ºsqueda del sistema ms prctico para lograr la produccià ³n en masa, se llegà ³ a la là ­nea de montaje. Como una puesta en prctica de la divisià ³n del trabajo que Adam Smith propuso en su Riqueza de las Naciones, Ford comenzà ³ a construir automà ³viles sistemticamente, haciendo a un lado lo artesanal. Ford, unlike Taylor, did not need detailed schedules and routing instructions to direct the movements of materials and work across the shop floors. Ford and a few like-visioned mechanics and self-educated engeneers created at his Highland Park plant a system of mass production unlike any the world had ever before seen . Pero, a semejante crecimiento en la oferta, debà ­a responder tambià ©n un brutal crecimiento en la demanda. La idea de que cada individuo tiene acceso justo a la posicià ³n y el reconocimiento, y por consiguiente puede escapar del anonimato y las condiciones de la gente comà ºn, ha moldeado el significado y la comprensià ³n de la democracia americana . La ms que precisa definicià ³n que arroja Stuart Ewen es justamente lo que genera el consumismo. De pronto, los americanos entran en una fiebre de consumismo feroz, pues el sueà ±o americano cambia: no es ms la posesià ³n de tierras, sino que es la posesià ³n de bienes de consumo. Racismo Tras este blanco manto de progreso se escondà ­a quizs el ms oscuro elemento que tuvo la democracia americana: el racismo. En el perà ­odo comprendido entre 1877 y 1896, se produce la reincorporacià ³n a cualquier costo de los estados Sureà ±os. En 1870, los negros obtienen el derecho al voto. Sin embargo, el voto negro dura tan solo 7 aà ±os, debido a la enorme resistencia que genera esto en el Sur. Surge un problema que nunca antes habà ­a sido contemplado: los negros libres. El Sur intentaba convencer al Norte de que era un peligro para la sociedad mezclar a los negros con los blancos. Consideraban que el paà ­s corrà ­a el riesgo de terminar como Liberia, paà ­s de esclavos liberados. A partir de allà ­, Surgen los grupos radicales. Joel Williamson cuenta: Radicalism appeared in strength in 1889 and spread rapidly through the south. The core of the radical mentality was the concept that negroes, freed from the restraining influences of slavery, were rapidly retrogressing toward their natural state of bestiality//Radicals believed, there would be no place for blacks in the south or in Amà ©rica . El Sur Norteamericano a fines del siglo XIX era el ultimo lugar en donde un negro querrà ­a estar. La paranoia blanca lleva a crear leyes tcitas, conocidas como Jim Crow Laws. Estas leyes eran una serie de medidas segregacionistas que definà ­an restricciones y là ­neas divisorias entre negros y blancos en la vida diaria, como por ejemplo, en los baà ±os, en los bares y en los bebederos de las plazas. El radicalismo blanco opina que con los negros solo se puede tomar una polà ­tica de violencia y comienzan los linchamientos y las riots. Los linchamientos son ejecutados por un grupo racista llamado Ku Klux Clan, que, cubiertos de tà ºnicas blancas, representaban una suerte de juzgamiento a quien cruzara la colour line determinada por ellos. Los riots, en cambio, eran ataques generales a la comunidad negra. El objetivo de estos actos de violencia es generar miedo entre los negros para indicarles donde deben estar, cosa que es lograda, pues se hacen tan frecuentes que hay un cambi o en la polà ­tica federal. En 1896 tras un fallo de la Corte Suprema, Surgen escuelas para blancos y negros por separado, indicando la secesià ³n ante las exigencias del Sur. El Fin de la Democracia Agraria En el medio siglo que siguià ³ a la Guerra Civil, la agricultura se vio sometida a una serie de conmociones. Primero, la guerra y su secuela destruyeron parcialmente el sistema de plantaciones y fomentaron los sistemas de prà ©stamo sobre la cosecha y de aparcerà ­a. En segundo lugar, la apertura de las Altas Planicies y del Oeste redujo las granjas del Medio Oeste y del Este//Una tercera conmocià ³n fue el rpido crecimiento de los mercados mundiales y de la competencia mundial//En cuarto lugar//la repercusià ³n de nueva maquinaria, nuevas cosechas y nuevas tà ©cnicas . Indudablemente, la base de la economà ­a Norteamericana trastabillaba, o bien, se encontraba en medio de una transicià ³n. La crisis producida entre los aà ±os 1873 y 1896 produjo un cambio en la economà ­a mundial. Miles de empresas mueren, otras luchan por sobrevivir adaptndose a las nuevas formas de produccià ³n, fusionndose y generando corporaciones. Las empresas que superan la crisis son aquellas que se diversifican, toman la velocidad y productividad del nuevo mercado. El capitalismo competitivo muere para dar lugar al capitalismo corporativo. Martin Sklar explica: El ascenso del capitalismo corporativo se basà ³ en su adaptacià ³n a los capitales ms pequeà ±os, la adaptacià ³n de estos à ºltimos, y en menor medida la adaptacià ³n de una clase trabajadora cambiante . El Surgimiento de los Trust permite que los bienes sean baratos y que, consecuentemente, aumente el consumo. El hecho de operar en el tramo creciente de la curva de rendimientos, adems de utilizar las economà ­as de escala, hacen de los trust empresas con alta rentabilidad. Surgen, a partir de los trust, departament stores, donde el consumidor encontraba todo la que querà ­a en una sola tienda, la venta por correo y las chain stores, tiendas que se establecà ­an en suburbios para comodidad del cliente. A raà ­z de esta nueva economà ­a, Surgen las revueltas agrarias. Los granjeros, fuertemente endeudados con los banqueros del Norte, piden devaluacià ³n o que se tome la polà ­tica del patrà ³n plata en lugar del patrà ³n oro, ya que se habà ­a encontrado un yacimiento en las Rocky-Mountains. Los campesinos ven representados sus intereses con el Surgimiento de un nuevo partido: el Partido Populista, que basa su polà ­tica en el patrà ³n plata y la emisià ³n de billetes. Unidos al Partido Demà ³crata, proponen a Bryan como presidente. A pesar de perder las elecciones, ganadas por el republicano McKinley, terminan las revueltas agrarias por haber terminado la crisis. Los farmers se transforman en un engranaje ms de la sociedad de consumo. El trust comienza a ser peligroso, y en un intento de solucionarlo se dicta una ley antimonopà ³lica. Tras el asesinato de McKinley en manos de un anarquista, bajo el gobierno de Theodore Roosevelt, se proponen soluciones al problema de los trust. La solucià ³n ms adecuada parecà ­a ser la de Wilson: debà ­a haber un mercado libre, pero su formacià ³n debà ­a estar controlada por el Estado. No se sabà ­a cul serà ­a el destino de los trust, pero lo que sà ­ se sabà ­a es que la democracia americana habà ­a cambiado radicalmente. La democracia agraria habà ­a muerto, para dar lugar a la democracia corporativa. Conclusià ³n With Liberty and Justice for All. When we compare the individuals of the same variety or sub-variety of our older cultivated plants and animals, one of the first points which strikes us is, that they generally differ more from each other than do the individuals of any variety in a state of nature. And if we reflect on the vast diversity of the plants and animals which have beencultivated, and which have varied during all ages under the most different climates and treatment, we are driven to conclude that this great variability is due to our domestic productions having raised under conditions of life not so uniform as, and somewhat different from, those to which the parent species had been exposed under nature. Charles Darwin, Origin of Species. Se podrà ­a decir que una colonia, al pasar a ser independiente, vuelve a una suerte de estado de naturaleza. A partir de allà ­, puede tomar dos caminos. Un camino es el que Thomas Hobbes, en su libro Leviathan brinda como solucià ³n, y consiste en adoptar una forma de gobierno fuerte para tratar de evitar ese estado natural, lo que serà ­a como volver a las colonias, es decir, volver a ser domà ©sticos. El segundo camino es el que indica John Locke, y es el camino por el que optà ³ Estados Unidos. Con teorà ­as mas conservadoras o ms progresistas, Estados Unidos luego de la independencia mantuvo una idea fija: la democracia. Demà ³cratas o Republicanos, nunca se dudo del gobierno del pueblo a pesar de las crisis sufridas y las paradojas que brinda esta democracia. Y esta participacià ³n polà ­tica del individuo Norteamericano lo hace sentir importante, siempre va a creer en su evolucià ³n.  ¡Y cà ³mo no va a creer, si es un ciudadano Norteamericano! A principios del siglo XX, la democracia concebida por Estados Unidos transmuta, la democracia agraria se transforma en una democracia corporativa. 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